--- title: Research | Infrastructure description: "Infrastructure | The average device connected to the internet is hit by 17 automated attacks a day, 365 days a year.\n\nThe majority of hacked servers, networks and workstations go undetected for months or more. \nAntivirus software and firewalls cannot protect you from a targeted attack." --- [![Reflare home](https://reflare.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Reflare%20website%20images/Reflare%20Logos/reflare%20logo.png?width=421&height=150&name=reflare%20logo.png "Reflare home")](https://reflare.com) [![logo](https://reflare.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Reflare%20website%20images/Reflare%20Logos/logo.png?width=262&height=82&name=logo.png "logo")](https://reflare.com/act3) [![reflare logo](https://reflare.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Reflare%20website%20images/Reflare%20Logos/reflare%20logo.png?width=168&height=60&name=reflare%20logo.png "reflare logo")](https://reflare.com/act3) - [Galena](https://reflare.com/galena) - [Galena Overview](https://reflare.com/galena) - [Galena for Tech Teams](https://reflare.com/technical-teams) - [Galena for L&D Teams](https://reflare.com/learning-development) - [Galena Security and Deployment](https://reflare.com/security-deployment) - Training - [Capture the Flag](https://reflare.com/rctf-reflare-capture-the-flag) - [Developers](https://reflare.com/rcsd) - [Administrators](https://reflare.com/rcsa) - [PCI DSS](https://reflare.com/rcsd) - Audit - [PCI DSS](https://reflare.com/pcidss) - [PCI 3DS](https://reflare.com/pci3ds) - [PCI PIN](https://reflare.com/pcipin) - [PCI DSS ASV](https://reflare.com/pcidssasv) - [Penetration Testing](https://reflare.com/penetration) - [Vulnerability Scanning](https://reflare.com/vulnerability) - [Advisory and Management](https://reflare.com/advisory) - [Research](https://reflare.com/research) - [Anatomy of a Breach](https://reflare.com/research/tag/anatomy-of-a-breach) - [High Tech](https://reflare.com/research/tag/high-tech) - [Infosec Culture](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infosec-culture) - [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) - [Normal People and Infosec](https://reflare.com/research/tag/normal-people-and-infosec) - [WTFWIB](https://whythefuckwasibreached.com/) - [About](https://reflare.com/about) - [Contact](https://reflare.com/contact) - [Company](https://reflare.com/about) - [Careers](https://reflare.com/careers) - [Service Status](https://statuspage.reflare.com/) - [日本語](https://jp.reflare.com/) [Login](https://reflare.com/login) [Buy Now](https://www.hubspot.com/) [Login](https://www.hubspot.com/)Login to your Reflare account - [Galena](https://reflare.com/galena) - [Galena Overview](https://reflare.com/galena) - [Galena for Tech Teams](https://reflare.com/technical-teams) - [Galena for L&D Teams](https://reflare.com/learning-development) - [Galena Security and Deployment](https://reflare.com/security-deployment) - Training - [Capture the Flag](https://reflare.com/rctf-reflare-capture-the-flag) - [Developers](https://reflare.com/rcsd) - [Administrators](https://reflare.com/rcsa) - [PCI DSS](https://reflare.com/rcsd) - Audit - [PCI DSS](https://reflare.com/pcidss) - [PCI 3DS](https://reflare.com/pci3ds) - [PCI PIN](https://reflare.com/pcipin) - [PCI DSS ASV](https://reflare.com/pcidssasv) - [Penetration Testing](https://reflare.com/penetration) - [Vulnerability Scanning](https://reflare.com/vulnerability) - [Advisory and Management](https://reflare.com/advisory) - [Research](https://reflare.com/research) - [Anatomy of a Breach](https://reflare.com/research/tag/anatomy-of-a-breach) - [High Tech](https://reflare.com/research/tag/high-tech) - [Infosec Culture](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infosec-culture) - [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) - [Normal People and Infosec](https://reflare.com/research/tag/normal-people-and-infosec) - [WTFWIB](https://whythefuckwasibreached.com/) - [About](https://reflare.com/about) - [Contact](https://reflare.com/contact) - [Company](https://reflare.com/about) - [Careers](https://reflare.com/careers) - [Service Status](https://statuspage.reflare.com/) - [日本語](https://jp.reflare.com/) [Buy Now](https://www.hubspot.com/) # Research / Infrastructure ## [The Evolving Arms Race of IT Security Countermeasures](https://reflare.com/research/the-evolving-arms-race-of-it-security-countermeasures) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on Mar 3, 2023, 5:25:00 PM [![Ask yourself - who really benefits from the arms race?](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/The%20Evolving%20Arms%20Race%20of%20IT%20Security%20Countermeasures.png)](https://reflare.com/research/the-evolving-arms-race-of-it-security-countermeasures) The attack technique appears to circumvent so-called ASLR protection mechanisms by triaging the exact memory location of a running process from differences in function response times. [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/the-evolving-arms-race-of-it-security-countermeasures) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) ## [Why Internet Voting is Still Rare](https://reflare.com/research/why-internet-voting-is-still-rare) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on May 3, 2022, 5:29:00 PM [![](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/Why%20Internet%20Voting%20is%20Still%20Rare.png)](https://reflare.com/research/why-internet-voting-is-still-rare) With security becoming increasingly important in the digital realm, nations are starting to ask (again) if internet voting can be implemented successfully. But finding an answer first hasn't stopped some. First Published 27th May 2019 | Latest Refresh 3rd May 2022 Exercise your discre … [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/why-internet-voting-is-still-rare) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) ## [Docomo E-Money: The Risk of Changing Parameters](https://reflare.com/research/docomo-e-money-the-risk-of-changing-parameters) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on Oct 7, 2020, 6:42:00 PM [![](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/Docomo%20E-Money%20The%20Risk%20of%20Changing%20Parameters.png)](https://reflare.com/research/docomo-e-money-the-risk-of-changing-parameters) The risk of changing a set of parameters is to assume that the attackers will not try to understand the method behind the change. The Docomo E-Money attack is an excellent example with obvious consequences. First Published 7th October 2020 Connecting the dots… securely. 4 min read | R … [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/docomo-e-money-the-risk-of-changing-parameters) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) ## [Twitter, 17-year-olds, and the difference between a hack and a cover-up](https://reflare.com/research/twitter-17-year-olds-and-the-difference-between-a-hack-and-a-cover-up) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on Sep 1, 2020, 6:40:00 PM [![](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/Twitter%2c%2017-year-olds%2c%20and%20the%20difference%20between%20a%20hack%20and%20a%20cover-up%20.png)](https://reflare.com/research/twitter-17-year-olds-and-the-difference-between-a-hack-and-a-cover-up) Graham was able to enter a hole in a website that should have been patched. Twitter’s architecture is based on open-source software which makes it easier to find bugs and then exploit them, to which he did exactly that. First Published 1st September 2020 Ask and you shall receive. 4 m … [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/twitter-17-year-olds-and-the-difference-between-a-hack-and-a-cover-up) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) ## [The Aftermath of the Twitter Hack](https://reflare.com/research/the-aftermath-of-the-twitter-hack) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on Jul 30, 2020, 6:38:00 PM [![](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/The%20Aftermath%20of%20the%20Twitter%20Hack.png)](https://reflare.com/research/the-aftermath-of-the-twitter-hack) The hacker's actions are reminiscent of many other incidents involving social media sites and cryptocurrency, but for Twitter users, the reputational risks can be significant. First Published 30th July 2020 Scam at scale. 4 min read | Reflare Research Team As dozens of high-profile Tw … [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/the-aftermath-of-the-twitter-hack) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) ## [The Worst S3 Bucket Breach - So Far](https://reflare.com/research/the-worst-s3-bucket-breach-so-far) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on Dec 12, 2019, 6:15:00 PM [![](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/The%20Worst%20S3%20Bucket%20Breach%20-%20So%20Far.png)](https://reflare.com/research/the-worst-s3-bucket-breach-so-far) Even though AWS provide their customers with sufficient security measures, some companies still fail to take security seriously by not correctly securing their Amazon S3 buckets. First Published 12th December 2019 Everything from A to Z? 4 min read | Reflare Research Team Various news … [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/the-worst-s3-bucket-breach-so-far) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) ## [Voting Machines - Absolutely everything is a tradeoff decision](https://reflare.com/research/voting-machines-absolutely-everything-is-a-tradeoff-decision) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on Nov 8, 2019, 6:10:00 PM [![Voting Machines - Absolutely everything is a tradeoff decision](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/Voting%20Machines%20-%20Absolutely%20everything%20is%20a%20tradeoff%20decision.png)](https://reflare.com/research/voting-machines-absolutely-everything-is-a-tradeoff-decision) There is no such thing as pure security. You can only make tradeoff decisions, and in the case of voting machines, those decisions are made very, very publicly. The entire world can watch you make your tradeoffs, and they can ask you to defend those decisions later. First Published 8t … [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/voting-machines-absolutely-everything-is-a-tradeoff-decision) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) ## [On Bad Solutions and Negative Returns](https://reflare.com/research/on-bad-solutions-and-negative-returns) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on Oct 16, 2019, 6:04:00 PM [![On Bad Solutions and Negative Returns](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/On%20Bad%20Solutions%20and%20Negative%20Returns.png)](https://reflare.com/research/on-bad-solutions-and-negative-returns) "If only. If only there were some sort of top-secret method of cyber security that hardened your network, protected your servers and applications, and did so in a way that was seamless, invisible, reliable, and not too terribly expensive." \*cough\* First Published 16th October 2019 Hyg … [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/on-bad-solutions-and-negative-returns) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) ## [What Twitter's CEO's Own Account Getting Hacked Tells Us About Phone Security](https://reflare.com/research/what-twitters-ceos-own-account-getting-hacked-tells-us-about-phone-security) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on Sep 4, 2019, 5:51:00 PM [![](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/What%20Twitters%20CEOs%20Own%20Account%20Getting%20Hacked%20Tells%20Us%20About%20Phone%20Security.png)](https://reflare.com/research/what-twitters-ceos-own-account-getting-hacked-tells-us-about-phone-security) Phone numbers are not secure, as Jack Dorsey has found out the hard way. Assailants were able to gain access to his phone number and then used that access remotely to take control of his Twitter account. First Published 4th September 2019 Jack lets everyone know "what's happening." 4 … [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/what-twitters-ceos-own-account-getting-hacked-tells-us-about-phone-security) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) ## [Telegram Messenger Hit by DDoS Attack Originating from China](https://reflare.com/research/telegram-messenger-hit-by-ddos-attack-originating-from-china) by [**Reflare Research Team**](https://reflare.com/research/author/reflare-research-team) on Jun 17, 2019, 5:34:00 PM [![Telegram Messenger Hit by DDoS Attack Originating from China](https://reflare.com/hubfs/Blog%20image%20in%20post/Telegram%20Messenger%20Hit%20by%20DDoS%20Attack%20Originating%20from%20China.png)](https://reflare.com/research/telegram-messenger-hit-by-ddos-attack-originating-from-china) The app’s co-founder Pavel Durov said that its “Telegram Messenger” service had been blocked in China following a massive distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack launched from there. First Published 17th June 2019 The role of digital messaging in moments of geopolitical upheaval c … [Read Story](https://reflare.com/research/telegram-messenger-hit-by-ddos-attack-originating-from-china) Topics: [Infrastructure](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) [1](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure/page/1) [2](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure/page/2) [3](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure/page/3) - Recent - Topics - Archive Recent Topics - [Infosec Culture (113)](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infosec-culture) - [Anatomy of a Breach (60)](https://reflare.com/research/tag/anatomy-of-a-breach) - [Normal People and Infosec (42)](https://reflare.com/research/tag/normal-people-and-infosec) - [High Tech (33)](https://reflare.com/research/tag/high-tech) - [Infrastructure (21)](https://reflare.com/research/tag/infrastructure) - [Capture the Flag (8)](https://reflare.com/research/tag/capture-the-flag) See all Archive - [September 2026 (1)](https://reflare.com/research/archive/2026/09) - 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